Author Guidelines

Maximum length: 3,000 words.

Descriptive title

The title should include a core finding or argument of the article.

Article’s lead [50 to 100 words]

The article’s lead attracts the curiosity of the readers. It presents one or two highlights from the article. For example, the lead could focus on one of the most important findings or implications discussed in the paper. This is not an abstract and it should not provide a comprehensive overview of the paper.

Research questions [100 words]

• Summarize your research questions in bullet points (no more than four).

Essay summary [200 words]

• Summarize the research methods you used in one or two sentences (surveys, experiments, interviews, observations, document analysis, etc.).
• Summarize the most important findings of this study in one or two sentences each.
• Summarize the real-world implications of this study in one or two sentences each.

Implications [1,000 words]

First, briefly present the key argument(s) that you are deriving from your findings using language that is clear and accessible to a non-specialist audience with a professional interest in misinformation (e.g., journalists, educators, policymakers, politicians).

Second, discuss the significance and implications of your argument and findings. What recommendations can you provide, and to whom, based on your argument and findings? For example, can your argument and findings inform the design of novel policies, infrastructural interventions, or educational programs? 

Findings [1,000 words]

This section corresponds to the “Findings” or “Results” section of a traditional academic publication. Please ensure that you present your findings using clear, accessible language that avoids academic jargon. 

To complete this section:

• List and describe the key findings or major points, from the more generalizable to the more specific.
• Each finding should be separately described in one or two paragraphs. 
• Start each paragraph with a topic sentence, then describe the finding(s) with a few sentences.
• Add as many paragraphs and findings as needed, within the word limit.
• Add visuals (e.g., images, data, tables) immediately after the paragraph presenting the corresponding finding or set of findings. 

Example:

Finding 1: … (state your most important finding/point in one sentence)

CONTENT (describe this finding in a few sentences)

CORRESPONDING DISPLAY ITEM (add if necessary)

Finding 2: … (state your next most important finding/point in one sentence)

CONTENT (describe this finding in a few sentences)

CORRESPONDING DISPLAY ITEM (add if necessary)

Methods [500 to 1,000 words]

This section corresponds to the “Research Design and Methods” sections of a traditional academic publication.

Please answer the following questions (when appropriate):

• What are your research questions? (mandatory) 
• What hypotheses did you investigate or test? (if appropriate)
• What methods for data collection and analysis did you use? (mandatory)
• How did you select your population sample? (if appropriate)
• How and why are your methods appropriate to answer your research questions? (mandatory)

Note: If you need more space to describe your methodology, please submit a separate methodology appendix. Supplemental appendices, which have no word limit, should be included in the main manuscript file (after the Data Availability statement). 

Bibliography

All citations should be listed at the end of the main text and must follow the APA 7 reference style (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th Edition). In order to comply with the APA 7 author-date system, references should be formatted in alphabetical order. A list of examples for formatting different kinds of publications in APA 7 can be found in our Guidelines for References and Citations below, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, and the Purdue Online Writing Lab.

Acknowledgments (optional) 

State any acknowledgements. 

Authorship (optional)

State equal author contributions. 

Funding

State all sources of funding for your research. 

Competing interests

Authors are required to declare any competing interests that may be perceived as contributing to potential bias. Examples include funding for a research program or employment by, consulting for, or stocks/shares in an organization that could be financially affected by the publication of the paper, as well as patents or patent applications whose value may be affected by the publication of the paper. Authors are required to provide a statement listing any competing interests, which is published in their article. 

Ethics 

Where applicable, studies must have been approved by an appropriate ethics committee and the author(s) should include a statement within the article text detailing this approval, including the name of the ethics committee and the reference number of the approval. The identity of the research subject(s) should be anonymized whenever possible. For research involving human subjects, informed consent to participate in the study must be obtained from participants (or their legal guardians) and added to this statement. If a study involving human subjects/tissue/data was exempt from requiring ethical approval, a confirmation statement from the relevant body should be included within the submission.

When ethnicity/gender are reported, define who determined ethnicity/gender categories, whether the options were defined by the investigator and, if so, what they were and why ethnicity/gender are considered important in the study.

Copyright

Copyright and publishing rights remain with the author(s) of the article(s). All articles published in the journal can be reused under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). 

Data availability

The HKS Misinformation Review requires, as a condition for publication, that all data necessary to replicate published results should be archived in the Harvard Dataverse repository, within IRB restrictions. Please consult our Data Sharing Policy before submission.

Maximum length: 3,000 words.

Descriptive title

The title should include a core finding or argument of the article.

Article’s lead [50 to 100 words]

The article’s lead attracts the curiosity of the readers. It presents one or two highlights from the article. For example, the lead could focus on one of the most important findings or implications discussed in the paper. This is not an abstract and it should not provide a comprehensive overview of the paper.

Research questions [100 words] 

• Summarize your research questions in bullet points (no more than four).

Essay summary [200 words]

• Summarize the research methods you used in one or two sentences (surveys, experiments, interviews, observations, document analysis, etc.).
• Summarize the most important findings of this study in one or two sentences each.
• Summarize the real-world implications of this study in one or two sentences each.

Implications [1,000 words]

First, briefly present the key argument(s) that you are deriving from your findings using language that is clear and accessible to a non-specialist audience with a professional interest in misinformation (e.g., journalists, educators, policymakers, politicians).

Second, discuss the significance and implications of your argument and findings. What recommendations can you provide, and to whom, based on your argument and findings? For example, can your argument and findings inform the design of novel policies, infrastructural interventions, or educational programs? 

Evidence [1,000 words]

This section corresponds to the “Findings” or “Results” section of a traditional academic publication. Please ensure that you present the evidence using clear, accessible language that avoids academic jargon. 

To complete this section:

• List and describe the evidence (historical events, interview transcripts, observational notes, etc.) that you are bringing in support of your thesis.
• Add as many paragraphs and data as needed, within the word limit.
• Add display items (e.g., images, data, tables) immediately after the paragraph presenting the corresponding evidence.

Methods [500 to 1,000 words]

This section corresponds to the “Research Design and Methods” sections of a traditional academic publication.

Please answer the following questions (when appropriate):

• What are your research questions? (mandatory)
• What hypotheses did you investigate or test? (if appropriate)
• What methods for data collection and analysis did you use? (mandatory)
• How did you select your population sample? (if appropriate)
• How and why are your methods appropriate to answer your research questions? (mandatory)

Note: If you need more space to describe your methodology, please submit a separate methodology appendix. Supplemental appendices, which have no word limit, should be included in the main manuscript file (after the Data Availability statement).

Bibliography

All citations should be listed at the end of the main text and must follow the APA 7 reference style (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th Edition). In order to comply with the APA 7 author-date system, references must be formatted in alphabetical order. A list of examples for formatting different kinds of publications in APA 7 can be found in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, our Guidelines for References and Citations, and at the Purdue Online Writing Lab.

Acknowledgments (optional)

State any acknowledgements. 

Authorship (optional)

State equal author contributions. 

Funding

State all sources of funding for your research. 

Competing interests

Authors are required to declare any competing interests that may be perceived as contributing to potential bias. Examples include funding for a research program or employment by, consulting for, or stocks/shares in an organization that could be financially affected by the publication of the paper, as well as patents or patent applications whose value may be affected by the publication of the paper. Authors are required to provide a statement listing any competing interests, which is published in their article.

Ethics

Where applicable, studies must have been approved by an appropriate ethics committee and the author(s) should include a statement within the article text detailing this approval, including the name of the ethics committee and the reference number of the approval. The identity of the research subject(s) should be anonymized whenever possible. For research involving human subjects, informed consent to participate in the study must be obtained from participants (or their legal guardians) and added to this statement. If a study involving human subjects/tissue/data was exempt from requiring ethical approval, a confirmation statement from the relevant body should be included within the submission.

When ethnicity/gender are reported, define who determined ethnicity/gender categories, whether the options were defined by the investigator and, if so, what they were and why ethnicity/gender are considered important in the study.

Copyright

Copyright and publishing rights remain with the author(s) of the article(s). All articles published in the journal can be reused under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). 

Data availability

The HKS Misinformation Review requires, as a condition for publication, that all data necessary to replicate published results should be archived in the Harvard Dataverse repository, within IRB restrictions. Please consult our Data Sharing Policy before submission.

Maximum length: 2,500 words.

Descriptive title

The title should include a core finding or argument of the article.

Article’s lead [50 to 100 words]

The article’s lead attracts the curiosity of the readers. It presents one or two highlights from the article. For example, the lead could focus on one of the most important findings or implications discussed in the paper. This is not an abstract and it should not provide a comprehensive overview of the paper.

Research questions [100 words]

• Summarize your research questions in bullet points (no more than four).

Research note summary [200 words]

• Summarize the research methods you used in one or two sentences (surveys, experiments, interviews, observations, document analysis, etc.).
• Summarize the most important findings of this study in one or two sentences each.
• Summarize the real-world implications of this study in one or two sentences each.

Implications [800 words]

First, briefly present the key argument(s) that you are deriving from your findings using language that is clear and accessible to a non-specialist audience with a professional interest in misinformation (e.g., journalists, educators, policymakers, politicians).

Second, discuss the significance and implications of your argument and findings. What recommendations can you provide, and to whom, based on your argument and findings? For example, can your argument and findings inform the design of novel policies, infrastructural interventions, or educational programs? 

Findings [800 words]

This section corresponds to the “Findings” or “Results” section of a traditional academic publication. Please ensure that you present your findings using clear, accessible language that avoids academic jargon. 

To complete this section:

• List and describe the key findings or major points, from the more generalizable to the more specific.
• Each finding should be separately described in one or two paragraphs. 
• Start each paragraph with a topic sentence, then describe the finding(s) with a few sentences.
• Add as many paragraphs and findings as needed, within the word limit.
• Add visuals (e.g., images, data, tables) immediately after the paragraph presenting the corresponding finding or set of findings. 

Example:

Finding 1: … (state your most important finding/point in one sentence)

CONTENT (describe this finding in a few sentences)

CORRESPONDING DISPLAY ITEM (add if necessary)

Finding 2: … (state your next most important finding/point in one sentence)

CONTENT (describe this finding in a few sentences)

CORRESPONDING DISPLAY ITEM (add if necessary)

Methods [400 to 800 words]

This section corresponds to the “Research Design and Methods” sections of a traditional academic publication.

Please answer the following questions (when appropriate):

• What are your research questions? (mandatory) 
• What hypotheses did you investigate or test? (if appropriate)
• What methods for data collection and analysis did you use? (mandatory)
• How did you select your population sample? (if appropriate)
• How and why are your methods appropriate to answer your research questions? (mandatory)

Note: If you need more space to describe your methodology, please submit a separate methodology appendix. Supplemental appendices, which have no word limit, should be included in the main manuscript file (after the Data Availability statement). 

Bibliography

All citations should be listed at the end of the main text and must follow the APA 7 reference style (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th Edition). In order to comply with the APA 7 author-date system, references should be formatted in alphabetical order. A list of examples for formatting different kinds of publications in APA 7 can be found in our Guidelines for References and Citations below, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, and the Purdue Online Writing Lab.

Acknowledgments (optional) 

State any acknowledgements. 

Authorship (optional)

State equal author contributions. 

Funding

State all sources of funding for your research. If no funding has been received, please state: “No funding has been received to conduct this research.” 

Competing interests

Authors are required to declare any competing interests that may be perceived as contributing to potential bias. Examples include funding for a research program or employment by, consulting for, or stocks/shares in an organization that could be financially affected by the publication of the paper, as well as patents or patent applications whose value may be affected by the publication of the paper. Authors are required to provide a statement listing any competing interests, which is published in their article. 

Ethics 

Where applicable, studies must have been approved by an appropriate ethics committee and the author(s) should include a statement within the article text detailing this approval, including the name of the ethics committee and the reference number of the approval. The identity of the research subject(s) should be anonymized whenever possible. For research involving human subjects, informed consent to participate in the study must be obtained from participants (or their legal guardians) and added to this statement. If a study involving human subjects/tissue/data was exempt from requiring ethical approval, a confirmation statement from the relevant body should be included within the submission.

When ethnicity/gender are reported, define who determined ethnicity/gender categories, whether the options were defined by the investigator and, if so, what they were and why ethnicity/gender are considered important in the study.

Copyright

Copyright and publishing rights remain with the author(s) of the article(s). All articles published in the journal can be reused under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). 

Data availability

The HKS Misinformation Review requires, as a condition for publication, that all data necessary to replicate published results should be archived in the Harvard Dataverse repository, within IRB restrictions. Please consult our Data Sharing Policy before submission.

Maximum length: 2,500 words.

Descriptive title

The title should include a core finding or argument of the article.

Article’s lead [50 to 100 words]

The article’s lead attracts the curiosity of the readers. It presents one or two highlights from the article. For example, the lead could focus on one of the most important findings or implications discussed in the paper. This is not an abstract and it should not provide a comprehensive overview of the paper.

Research questions [100 words]

• Summarize your research questions in bullet points (no more than four).

Research note summary [200 words]

• Summarize the research methods you used in one or two sentences (surveys, experiments, interviews, observations, document analysis, etc.).
• Summarize the most important findings of this study in one or two sentences each.
• Summarize the real-world implications of this study in one or two sentences each.

Implications [800 words]

First, briefly present the key argument(s) that you are deriving from your findings using language that is clear and accessible to a non-specialist audience with a professional interest in misinformation (e.g., journalists, educators, policymakers, politicians).

Second, discuss the significance and implications of your argument and findings. What recommendations can you provide, and to whom, based on your argument and findings? For example, can your argument and findings inform the design of novel policies, infrastructural interventions, or educational programs? 

Evidence [800 words]

This section corresponds to the “Findings” or “Results” section of a traditional academic publication. Please ensure that you present your findings using clear, accessible language that avoids academic jargon. 

• List and describe the evidence (historical events, interview transcripts, observational notes, etc.) that you are bringing in support of your thesis.
• Add as many paragraphs and data as needed, within the word limit.
• Add display items (e.g., images, data, tables) immediately after the paragraph presenting the corresponding evidence.

Methods [400 to 800 words]

This section corresponds to the “Research Design and Methods” sections of a traditional academic publication.

Please answer the following questions (when appropriate):

• What are your research questions? (mandatory) 
• What hypotheses did you investigate or test? (if appropriate)
• What methods for data collection and analysis did you use? (mandatory)
• How did you select your population sample? (if appropriate)
• How and why are your methods appropriate to answer your research questions? (mandatory)

Note: If you need more space to describe your methodology, please submit a separate methodology appendix. Supplemental appendices, which have no word limit, should be included in the main manuscript file (after the Data Availability statement). 

Bibliography

All citations should be listed at the end of the main text and must follow the APA 7 reference style (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th Edition). In order to comply with the APA 7 author-date system, references should be formatted in alphabetical order. A list of examples for formatting different kinds of publications in APA 7 can be found in our Guidelines for References and Citations below, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, and the Purdue Online Writing Lab.

Acknowledgments (optional) 

State any acknowledgements. 

Authorship (optional)

State equal author contributions. 

Funding

State all sources of funding for your research. 

Competing interests

Authors are required to declare any competing interests that may be perceived as contributing to potential bias. Examples include funding for a research program or employment by, consulting for, or stocks/shares in an organization that could be financially affected by the publication of the paper, as well as patents or patent applications whose value may be affected by the publication of the paper. Authors are required to provide a statement listing any competing interests, which is published in their article. 

Ethics 

Where applicable, studies must have been approved by an appropriate ethics committee and the author(s) should include a statement within the article text detailing this approval, including the name of the ethics committee and the reference number of the approval. The identity of the research subject(s) should be anonymized whenever possible. For research involving human subjects, informed consent to participate in the study must be obtained from participants (or their legal guardians) and added to this statement. If a study involving human subjects/tissue/data was exempt from requiring ethical approval, a confirmation statement from the relevant body should be included within the submission.

When ethnicity/gender are reported, define who determined ethnicity/gender categories, whether the options were defined by the investigator and, if so, what they were and why ethnicity/gender are considered important in the study.

Copyright

Copyright and publishing rights remain with the author(s) of the article(s). All articles published in the journal can be reused under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). 

Data availability

The HKS Misinformation Review requires, as a condition for publication, that all data necessary to replicate published results should be archived in the Harvard Dataverse repository, within IRB restrictions. Please consult our Data Sharing Policy before submission.

Maximum length: 2,000 words.

Descriptive title

The title should include a core finding or argument of the article.

Article’s lead [50 to 100 words]

The article’s lead attracts the curiosity of the readers. It presents one or two highlights from the article. For example, the lead could focus on one of the most important findings or implications discussed in the paper. This is not an abstract and it should not provide a comprehensive overview of the paper.

Introduction [150 to 300 words]

First, briefly present the key argument(s) that you are deriving from your evidence-based research using language that is clear and accessible to a non-specialist audience with a professional interest in misinformation (e.g., journalists, educators, policymakers, politicians).

Second, discuss the significance and implications of your argument. What recommendations can you provide, and to whom, based on your argument and findings? For example, can your argument and findings inform the design of novel policies, infrastructural interventions, or educational programs? 

Subsections [1,400 words]

Divide your key points into sections. Each section should have a subtitle that helps clarify the argument presented. Please ensure that you present the evidence using clear, accessible language that avoids academic jargon.

Conclusions [200-300 words]

Lastly, write a short conclusion paragraph, clearly outlining your argument(s) and findings. The conclusion(s) must be logically consequential to the argument(s) presented. 

Bibliography

All citations should be listed at the end of the main text and must follow the APA 7 reference style (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th Edition). In order to comply with the APA 7 author-date system, references should be formatted in alphabetical order. A list of examples for formatting different kinds of publications in APA 7 can be found in our Guidelines for References and Citations below, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, and the Purdue Online Writing Lab.

Acknowledgments (optional)

State any acknowledgements. 

Authorship (optional)

State equal author contributions. 

Funding

State all sources of funding for your research. 

Competing interests

Authors are required to declare any competing interests that may be perceived as contributing to potential bias. Examples include funding for a research program or employment by, consulting for, or stocks/shares in an organization that could be financially affected by the publication of the paper, as well as patents or patent applications whose value may be affected by the publication of the paper. Authors are required to provide a statement listing any competing interests, which is published in their article. 

Ethics (optional)

Where applicable, studies must have been approved by an appropriate ethics committee and the author(s) should include a statement within the article text detailing this approval, including the name of the ethics committee and the reference number of the approval. The identity of the research subject(s) should be anonymized whenever possible. For research involving human subjects, informed consent to participate in the study must be obtained from participants (or their legal guardians) and added to this statement. If a study involving human subjects/tissue/data was exempt from requiring ethical approval, a confirmation statement from the relevant body should be included within the submission.

When ethnicity/gender are reported, define who determined ethnicity/gender categories, whether the options were defined by the investigator and, if so, what they were and why ethnicity/gender are considered important in the study.

Copyright

Copyright and publishing rights remain with the author(s) of the article(s). All articles published in the journal can be reused under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). 

To ensure the integrity of the double-blind peer review process for submissions to the HKS Misinformation Review, every effort should be made to prevent the identities of the authors and reviewers from becoming known to each other. This contribution to the fairness of peer review involves authors making sure they have taken the following steps to anonymize texts, files, and hidden file properties. 

*Note: Authors are responsible for providing the anonymized version of their manuscript.

Steps to Anonymize Manuscripts and Files

Step 1: Remove author names and affiliations from all manuscript files and data sets.

• The title page should not contain author names and affiliations. Keep the placeholders in the article template and do not remove the top matter and journal logo. 
• Do not add the author names to the page headers. Keep the placeholders in the article template. 
• When citing your own work, use (Author, Year) instead of (Jones, 2022) for in-text citations and avoid revealing wording such as “my study” or “we/the authors have previously demonstrated (Jones et al, 2022).” In the Bibliography, use (Author, Year) and leave out the title, publisher, and any other identifying information about your work.

• Ensure that there is no identifying information in the Acknowledgements, Funding, Competing Interests, Ethics, and Data Availability sections. 
• If your manuscript is pre-registered (e.g., OSF), anonymize the contributors.    

Step 2: Remove identifying information from the background properties of your files.

Below are step-by-step guidelines to anonymize your files. If your hardware and software versions are not represented below or if the directions addressing your hardware/software configuration do not seem to work, you could use the menu items on your Word or Acrobat menus that do match up with the directions below and follow those steps. 

For the Office 365 and Word 2019 (or more recent) versions of Microsoft Word

For Adobe Acrobat PDF files

For earlier versions of Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word 2016, 2013, 2010 on Windows

• File
• Prepare for sharing
• Check for issues
• Inspect document
• Uncheck all the boxes except “Document Properties and Personal Information.”
• Document inspector
• If any information is found by the document inspector, click “Remove All.”

Microsoft Word 2008 on Mac

• File
• Properties
• Summary
• Remove all identifying information from all fields.
• Save

Microsoft Word 2007 on Windows

• Office
• Prepare
• Properties
• Delete information in the document property fields in the main menu options.
• Save

Microsoft 2003 and earlier (Windows and Mac)

• File
• Save as
• Tools (Windows); Options (Mac)
• Security
• Remove personal information from file properties on save
• Save

*Note: When submitting a revised manuscript, please follow the same guidelines as in Steps 1 and 2.

Spelling

Authors are welcome to use American or British spellings as long as they are used consistently throughout the entire article. 

When referring to proper nouns and normal institutional titles, the official, original spelling must be used, e.g., World Health Organization, not World Health Organisation.

Capitalization

For the article title, only capitalize the first letter of the first word and proper nouns. Lowercase the rest. If there is a colon (:) in the title, also capitalize the first letter of the first word after the colon.

First-level headings within the main text should follow the same rule as the main title. Headings should be under 75 characters.

Font

For the main body text, use single-spaced, 11-point Calibri. Please consult our article templates for detailed instructions regarding the font type and size of the different sections and headings in the manuscript.

Underlined text should be avoided whenever possible. Bold or italicized text to emphasize a point is permitted, although it should be restricted to a minimum to maximize its efficiency.

Lists

Use bullet points to denote a list without hierarchy or order of value. If the list indicates a specific sequence, a numbered list must be used. Lists should be used sparingly to maximize their impact.

Punctuation

Commas

Please use the series commas (aka serial, Oxford, and Harvard comma): A, B, and C (not A, B and C).

Dashes and Hyphens

Differentiate between hyphens, en-dashes, and em-dashes. 

• Hyphens (-) are used for hyphenated compound nouns such as “runner-up” and in adjectival phrases such as “long-term study.”
• En-dashes (–) are used to separate numbers in a range such as “pp. 14–17” or in compound phrases where the two terms have equivalent weight/importance such as “either–or” and “yes–no answers,” unlike the phrase “long-term study,” which takes a hyphen because “long” is a modifying “term;” “long” and “term” are not equivalents
• Em-dashes (—) are used to separate short phrases in a sentence such as “In Rorty’s case—reported here for the first time—the PRRP director cut short a commissioned study …” and sometimes in titles and headings. Em-dashes can be used to replace commas, parentheses, colons, and semicolons. Use sparingly. 

Quotation Marks and Italics

Use double quotation marks to quote material consisting of fewer that 40 words, to refer to a letter, a word, a phrase, or a sentence as a linguistic example or as itself, to present stimuli, to reproduce material from a text item or verbatim instructions to participants, and to reference the title of a periodical article or book chapter when the title is used in the text. 

Please use curly quotes instead of straight quotes.

Place periods and commas within quotation marks. Place other punctuation marks (e.g., colons, semicolons, ellipses) inside quotation marks only when they are part of the quoted material. 

Use block quotations (not quotations marks) for quotes that are longer than three lines (or 40 words). Start a block quotation on a new line and indent the block by 0.5 inches. 

Use italics (not quotation marks) to highlight a key term or phrase (often accompanied by a definition) and to identify anchors of a scale (but not the associated number), to reference titles of periodicals, books, reports, webpages, and other stand-alone works, and for English letters used as statistical symbols or algebraic variables (e.g., M, SD, t, Cohen’s d). 

Use single quotation marks to enclose quotes within another quotation. 

Acronyms & Abbreviations

Spell out all acronyms on first use, indicating the acronym in parentheses immediately thereafter. Use the acronym for all subsequent references. Do not define acronyms if they are not used again in the article. Exception: Standard abbreviations like units of measurement and states do not need to be written out. APA also allows abbreviations that appear as words in Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary to be used without explanation (IQ, RNA, CIA, UNESCO).

Phrases such as for example (e.g.), that is (i.e.), and et cetera (etc.) are abbreviated within parentheses but written in wordform when not in parentheses.

United States and United Kingdom should be spelled out when used as a noun or location. They can be abbreviated as U.S. and U.K. when used as adjectives. 

Use of Footnotes/Endnotes

Use footnotes instead of endnotes. Footnotes should be used only where additional, relevant information needs to be conveyed. Please insert the footnote marker after the end punctuation of the sentence or phrase.

Figures

Figures (e.g., images, graphs, diagrams) must be cited within the main text, in consecutive order using Arabic numerals (e.g., Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.). 

Each figure must have an accompanying caption, which summarizes the content and/or use of the figure. Figures should not have multiple parts (e.g., Figure 1a and Figure 1b). These should either be merged into one figure or separated into Figure 1 and Figure 2. 

Please note that upon acceptance, all figures must be submitted as separate, high-resolution PNG or JPEG files (i.e., at least 1600 pixels wide). Please do not submit vector graphics, Excel TIFF, or PDF files. 

Tables

Tables should be created using a Word processor’s table function (11pt. Calibri).
All tables must be cited within the main text, numbered with Arabic numerals in consecutive order (e.g., Table 1, Table 2, etc.). 

Each table must have an accompanying caption, which summarizes the content and/or use of the table. All tables should have the same formatting style. 

Tables should not have multiple parts (e.g., Table 1a and Table 1b). These should either be merged into one table or separated into Table 1 and Table 2. 

If the table cannot fit on one single horizontal page, you can either change the font size (e.g., to 10-point Calibri) or break the table into two separate ones. Please do not change the page orientation to landscape format.