In-text citations 

Every use of information from other sources must be cited in the text (and the external source listed in the References section). 

If the author is already mentioned in a sentence, then the year can follow the name within parentheses.

• Example: Both Jones (2013) and Brown (2010) showed that …

If the author name is not already mentioned in the same sentence or paragraph, then the surname and year should be inserted in parentheses after the relevant text. A string of citations is to be listed alphabetically, separated by semicolons.

• Example: The statistics clearly show this to be untrue (Brown 2010; Jones 2013).

If there are two authors for a source, use an ampersand.

• Example: (Jones & Brown, 2008)

If there are three or more authors for a source, use the first author only with “et al.”

• Example: (Jones et al., 2008)

If an  author is cited multiple times for the same year, then add a lowercase letter, starting from ‘a’, after the year.

• Example: (Jones, 2013a; Jones, 2013b)

If specific pages are being cited, then the page numbers should follow the year.

• Example: (Brown, 2004, p. 65; Jones, 2013, pp. 143-145)

For publications authored and published by organisations, use the short form of the organisation’s name or its acronym in lieu of the full name.

• Example: (ICRC, 2000) NOT (International Committee of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2000)

*Note: Do not include URLs in citations, please put them in the Bibliography. 

Bibliography

All  cited sources in the text must be listed in full in alphabetical order of authors’ surnames at the end of the text file, in the References section.

This journal uses the APA style guide, 7th edition (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association). Use the list of examples below for formatting different kinds of publications in APA 7.

Only sources in the text citations appear in the Bibliography. 

If multiple works by the same author are being listed in the Bibliography, please retype the author’s name out for each entry, rather than using a long dash.

DOIs should be included for all bibliographic entries, where possible.

Titles are italicized for non-periodical websites, web pages, PDFs, reports, preprints, conference presentations and posters, organizational publications and grey literature, books and chapters in books (book title only, not chapter title), theses and dissertations, software, and datasets. 

Sources are italicized for journal, magazine, and newspaper articles, and conference proceedings (in other words, for serial publications).  

Books

Books

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book (T. Translator, Trans., # ed., Vol. #). Publisher. 

• Example 1: Fiske, S. T., Gilbert, D. T., & Lindzey, G. (2010). Handbook of social psychology (5th ed., Vol. 1). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119

• Example 2: Silverman, D. F., & Propp, K. K. (Eds.) (1990). The active interview. Sage.

Chapters within books

Author, A. (Year). Chapter title. In A. Author, Book title (page numbers of chapter). Publisher. 

• Example 1: Achebe, C. (1995). Colonialist criticism. In B. Ashcroft et al. (Eds.), The post colonial studies reader (pp. 57–61). Routledge. http://www.jakedavidson.com/PCI9.pdf

• Example 2: Heidegger, M. (2008). On the essence of truth (J. Sallis, Trans.). In D. F. Krell (Ed.), Basic writings (pp. 111-138). Harper Perennial Modern Thought. (Original work published 1961)

Journal articles / Published conference proceedings

Author, A. (Year, Date). Title. Journal name, vol#(issue#), pages. DOI or URL

• Example 1: Martin, L. (2010). Bombs, bodies, and biopolitics: Securitizing the subject at airport security. Social and Cultural Geography, 11(1), 17-34. http://doi.org/10.1080/14649360903414585

• Example 2: Benkler, Y., Tilton, C., Etling, B., Roberts, H., Clark, J., Faris, R., Kaiser, J., & Schmitt, C. (2020, October 8). Mail-in voter fraud: Anatomy of a disinformation campaign. Berkman Center Research Publication No. 2020-6. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3703701

• Example 3: Conover, M., Ratkiewicz, J., Francisco, M., Gonçalves, B., Flammini, A., & Menczer, F. (2011, July 17-21). Political polarization on Twitter. Proceedings of the 5th International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM 2011), Barcelona, Spain, pp. 89–96. https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM11/paper/viewFile/2847/3275

*Note: Please include DOIs (as URLs) for all journal articles, where possible.

Conference presentations and sessions (not published)

Author, A. (Year, Date). Title of paper [paper presentation/conference session]. Conference name, city, country. URL 

• Example: Lynch, M. (2003, August 18). Dialogue in an age of terror [presentation]. Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Webpages

Websites (including news sites that do not have periodicals)

Author, A. [if no Author, use Source] (Year, Date). Title. Website Name [if used as Author, do not repeat website name/source]. URL

• Example 1: Avramova, N. (2019, January 3). The secret of a long, happy, healthy life? Think age-positive. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/03/health/respect-toward-elderly-leads-to-a-long-life-intl/index.html 

• Example 2: National Nurses United. (n.d.). What employers should do to protect nurses from Zika. http://www.nationalnursesunited.org/pages/what-employers-should-do-to- protect-nurses-from-Zika

• Example 3: Media seminar on peace in the Middle East concludes amid calls to stem spread of misinformation. (2020, December 9). UN News. https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/12/1079712

Online newspaper or magazine articles

Author, A. [or title of article if no author.] (Year, Date). Title of article [not used  here if used as the Author]. Newspaper/magazine name. URL

• Example 1: Patel, S. S. (2005, November 6). Climate; In a marsh, sifting the past and seeing the future. The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800EEDF173EF935A35752C1A9639C8B63 

• Example 2: Battling hoaxers in court, Sandy Hook families replay a tragedy. (2019, December 12). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/12/us/politics/sandy-hook-infowars-alex-jones.html

Newspaper or magazine articles (print, or without DOI)

Author, A. (Year, Date). Title of article. Newspaper/Magazine Name, page range.

• Example: Tate, P. (2007, June 6). Illicit organ trade increasing. The Jordan Times, 3.

Preprints

Preprints (archives)

Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Archive name. DOI/URL 

• Example 1: Yang, Y., Zheng, L., Zhang, J., Cui, Q., Li, Z., & Yu, P.S. (2018). TI-CNN: Convolutional neural networks for fake news detection. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.00749 

• Example 2: Yin, H., Yang, S., & Li, J. (2020). Detecting topic and sentiment dynamics due to COVID-19 pandemic using social media. arXiv 200702304.

*Note: Use the article number after the archive name only when there is no URL/DOI

Preprints (journals)

Author, A. (Year). Title of article [preprint]. Journal Name. URL/DOI

• Example 1: Bastani, P., & Bahrami, M. A. (2020, March 27). COVID-19 related misinformation on social media: A qualitative study from Iran [preprint]. Journal of Medical Internet Research. https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/18932

• Example 2: Van Bavel, J. J. et al. (2020, April 30). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response [preprint]. Nature Human Behaviour. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-020-0884-z

Report to a government agency

Author, A. (Year). Title of report. Name of Agency. URL

• Example: Pascual, C. (2005, June 16). Stabilization and reconstruction: Building peace in a hostile environment. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. http://2001-2009.state.gov/s/crs/rls/rm/48644.htm

Working paper or task force report

Author, A. (or group name). (Year, Month, Day). Title of paper/report (#). Organization name. URL

• Example 1: Internet Engineering Task Force. (2020). Domain requirements. IETF. tools.ietf.org/html/rfc920

• Example 2: Boxell, L., Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. (2020, January). Cross-country trends in affective polarization (NBER Working Paper No. 26669). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w26669

Federal statute

Title, # U.S.C. # [United States Code #], § # [section] (Year). URL

• Example: Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. (1990). https://www.ada.gov./pubs/adastatute08.htm

Federal regulation 

Title or Number, Volume # C.F.R. [code of federal regulations] § # (Year). URL

• Example: Protection of Human Subjects, 45 C.F.R. § 46 (2009). https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/sites/default/files/ohrp/policy/ohrpregulations.pdf

Congressional statement / testimony

Title, # Cong. (Year) (testimony [or statement] of Name). URL

• Example: Federal real property reform: How cutting red tape and better management could achieve billions in savings, U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, 114th Cong. (2016) (testimony of Norman Dong). http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/233107

Organizational publications / Grey literature

Author or Group. (Year). Title. Source/Publisher (if not used as Author). URL

• Example: World Health Organization. (2010). The world health report–Health systems financing: The path to universal coverage. https://www.who.int/whr/2010/en/

Theses / Dissertations

Published

Author, A. (Year). Title of thesis/dissertation [Master’s thesis or Doctoral dissertation, institution awarding degree]. Name of Institutional Archive. URL

• Example 1: Hollander, M. M. (2017). Resistance to authority: Methodological innovations and new lessons from the Milgram experiment (Publication No. 10289373) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. 

• Example 2: Hutcheson, V. H. (2012). Dealing with dual differences: Social coping strategies of gifted and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer adolescents [Master’s thesis, The College of William and Mary]. William & Mary Digital Archive. https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/bitstream/handle/10288/16594/HutchesonVirginia2012.pdf

Unpublished

Author, A. (Year). Title of thesis/dissertation [Unpublished doctoral dissertation/master’s thesis]. Institution awarding the degree.

• Example: Yudis, A. (2004). Failed responsibility of the media in the war on Iraq [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Manchester.

Social media and media sharing

Author, A. [Handle]. (Year). Title [Medium type]. Platform. URL

YouTube or other streaming video

• Example: Fogarty, M. [Grammar Girl]. (2016, September 30). How to diagram a sentence (absolute basics) [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/deiEY5Yq1ql

Tweet

• Example: APA Education [@APAEducation]. (2018, June 29). College students are forming mental-health clubs–And they’re making a difference @washingtonpost [Tweet; thumbnail link to article]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/apaeducation/status/1012810490530140161

Twitter profile

• Example: APA Style [@APA_Style]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved November 1, 2019, from https://twitter.com/APA_Style 

Facebook post

• Example: National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, November 28). Suicide affects all Ages, genders, races, and ethnicities. Check out these 5 Action Steps for Helping Someone in Emotional Pain [Infographic]. Facebook. http://bit.ly/321Qstq

Facebook page

• Example: Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved July 22, 2019, from https://www.facebook.com/nationalzoo

Instagram photo or video

• Example: Zeitz MOCAA [@zeitzmocaa]. (2018, November 26). Grade 6 learners from Parkfields Primary School in Hanover Park visited the museum for a tour and workshop hosted by [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/BqpHpjFBs3b/ 

Instagram highlight

• Example: The New York Public Library [@nypl]. (n.d.). The raven [Highlight]. Instagram. Retrieved April 16, 2019, from https://bitly.com/2FV8bu3

Online forum or discussion posting

• Example: National Aeronautics and Space Administration [nasa]. (2018, September 12). I’m NASA astronaut Scott Tingle. Ask me anything about adjusting to being back on Earth after my first spaceflight! [Online forum post]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/9fagqy/im_nasa_astronaut_scott_tingle_ask_me_anything/

Software / Apps

Author, A. (Year). Title of software or app [Computer software or Mobile App]. URL

• Example: Peeters, S., & Hagen, S. (2018). 4CAT: 4chan capture and analysis toolkit [Computer software]. https://4cat.oilab.eu

Datasets

Author, A. (or group name). (Year). Title of dataset (Version #) [Data set]. Publisher. DOI or URL

• Example: National Center for Education Statistics. (2016). Fast Response Survey System (FRSS): Teachers’ use of educational technology in U.S. public schools, 2009 (ICPSR 35531, Version V3) [Data set and code book]. National Archive of Data on Arts and Culture. https://doi.org/103886/ICPSR35531.v3