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Research note: Bolsonaro’s firehose: How Covid-19 disinformation on WhatsApp was used to fight a government political crisis in Brazil
Felipe Bonow Soares, Raquel Recuero, Taiane Volcan, Giane Fagundes and Giéle Sodré
Brazil has one of the highest rates of cases and deaths attributed to Covid-19 in the world. Two factors contributed to the high rates: the Brazilian government underestimated the pandemic and a large amount of disinformation was spread through social media.

Elections
Retracted: Disinformation creep: ADOS and the strategic weaponization of breaking news
Mutale Nkonde, Maria Y. Rodriguez, Leonard Cortana, Joan K. Mukogosi, Shakira King, Ray Serrato, Natalie Martinez, Mary Drummer, Ann Lewis and Momin M. Malik
In this essay, we conduct a descriptive content analysis from a sample of a dataset made up of 534 thousand scraped tweets, supplemented with access to 1.36 million tweets from the Twitter firehose, from accounts that used the #ADOS hashtag between November 2019 and September 2020.
Breaking Harmony Square: A game that “inoculates” against political misinformation
Jon Roozenbeek and Sander van der Linden
We present Harmony Square, a short, free-to-play online game in which players learn how political misinformation is produced and spread. We find that the game confers psychological resistance against manipulation techniques commonly used in political misinformation: players from around the world find social media content making use of these techniques significantly less reliable after playing, are more confident in their ability to spot such content, and less likely to report sharing it with others in their network.

Elections
State media warning labels can counteract the effects of foreign misinformation
Jack Nassetta and Kimberly Gross
Platforms are increasingly using transparency, whether it be in the form of political advertising disclosures or a record of page name changes, to combat disinformation campaigns. In the case of state-controlled media outlets on YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter this has taken the form of labeling their connection to a state.

All disinformation is local: A reflection on the need and possibility of measuring impact
Irene Pasquetto
Volume 1, Issue 6 Editorial
By Irene Pasquetto Image by siora photography on unsplashThe title “All disinformation is local” was inspired by a tweet of Joan Donovan, on September 29th 2020
On September 1st, the leadership of the HKS Misinformation Review officially passed to Dr.

COVID-19
The weaponization of web archives: Data craft and COVID-19 publics
Amelia Acker and Mitch Chaiet
An unprecedented volume of harmful health misinformation linked to the coronavirus pandemic has led to the appearance of misinformation tactics that leverage web archives in order to evade content moderation on social media platforms. Here we present newly identified manipulation techniques designed to maximize the value, longevity, and spread of harmful and non-factual content across social media using provenance information from web archives and social media analytics.

COVID-19
Pandemics & propaganda: How Chinese state media creates and propagates CCP coronavirus narratives
Vanessa Molter and Renee DiResta
To gain insight into how Chinese state media is communicating about the coronavirus pandemic to the outside world, we analyzed a collection of posts from their English-language presence on Facebook. We observed three recurring behaviors: sharing positive stories and promoting the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) pandemic response, rewriting recent history in a manner favorable to the CCP as the coronavirus pandemic evolved, and using targeted ads to spread preferred messages.

COVID-19
Feeling “disinformed” lowers compliance with COVID-19 guidelines: Evidence from the US, UK, Netherlands, and Germany
Michael Hameleers, Toni G. L. A. van der Meer and Anna Brosius
This study indicates that, during the first phase of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in 2020, citizens from the US, UK, Netherlands, and Germany experienced relatively high levels of mis- and disinformation in their general information environment. We asked respondents to indicate the extent to which they experienced that information on coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19) was simply inaccurate (misinformation) or intentionally misleading (disinformation).

COVID-19
Leveraging volunteer fact checking to identify misinformation about COVID-19 in social media
Hyunuk Kim and Dylan Walker
Identifying emerging health misinformation is a challenge because its manner and type are often unknown. However, many social media users correct misinformation when they encounter it. From this intuition, we implemented a strategy that detects emerging health misinformation by tracking replies that seem to provide accurate information.