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Elections
Right and left, partisanship predicts (asymmetric) vulnerability to misinformation
Dimitar Nikolov, Alessandro Flammini and Filippo Menczer
We analyze the relationship between partisanship, echo chambers, and vulnerability to online misinformation by studying news sharing behavior on Twitter. While our results confirm prior findings that online misinformation sharing is strongly correlated with right-leaning partisanship, we also uncover a similar, though weaker, trend among left-leaning users.
The presence of unexpected biases in online fact-checking
Sungkyu Park, Jaimie Yejean Park, Jeong-han Kang and Meeyoung Cha
The increasing amount of information online makes it challenging to judge what to believe or discredit. Fact-checking unverified claims shared on platforms, like social media, can play a critical role in correcting misbeliefs. The current study demonstrates how the effect of fact-checking can vary by several factors.
Conspiracy and debunking narratives about COVID-19 origins on Chinese social media: How it started and who is to blame
Kaiping Chen, Anfan Chen, Jingwen Zhang, Jingbo Meng and Cuihua Shen
This paper studies conspiracy and debunking narratives about the origins of COVID-19 on a major Chinese social media platform, Weibo, from January to April 2020. Popular conspiracies about COVID-19 on Weibo, including that the virus is human-synthesized or a bioweapon, differ substantially from those in the United States.

Tackling misinformation: What researchers could do with social media data
HKS Misinformation Review Guest Authors
Written by Irene V. Pasquetto, Briony Swire-Thompson, Michelle A. Amazeen, Fabrício Benevenuto, Nadia M. Brashier, Robert M. Bond, Lia C. Bozarth, Ceren Budak, Ullrich K. H. Ecker, Lisa K. Fazio, Emilio Ferrara, Andrew J. Flanagin, Alessandro Flammini, Deen Freelon, Nir Grinberg, Ralph Hertwig, Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Kenneth Joseph, Jason J.
Breaking Harmony Square: A game that “inoculates” against political misinformation
Jon Roozenbeek and Sander van der Linden
We present Harmony Square, a short, free-to-play online game in which players learn how political misinformation is produced and spread. We find that the game confers psychological resistance against manipulation techniques commonly used in political misinformation: players from around the world find social media content making use of these techniques significantly less reliable after playing, are more confident in their ability to spot such content, and less likely to report sharing it with others in their network.

Research note: Does the public support fact-checking social media? It depends whom and how you ask
Timothy S. Rich, Ian Milden and Mallory Treece Wagner
We analyze original survey data on support for social media companies’ fact-checking of politicians in general and President Trump in particular. We find overwhelming majorities of Democrats support fact-checking in both instances, while a majority of Republicans support fact-checking of politicians in general but not of President Trump.

COVID-19
The Twitter origins and evolution of the COVID-19 “plandemic” conspiracy theory
Matthew D. Kearney, Shawn C. Chiang and Philip M. Massey
Tweets about “plandemic” (e.g., #plandemic)—the notion that the COVID-19 pandemic was planned or fraudulent—helped to spread several distinct conspiracy theories related to COVID-19. But the term’s catchy nature attracted attention from anti-vaccine activist filmmakers who ultimately created Plandemic the 26-minute documentary.

COVID-19
Misinformation more likely to use non-specific authority references: Twitter analysis of two COVID-19 myths
Joseph McGlynn, Maxim Baryshevtsev and Zane A. Dayton
This research examines the content, timing, and spread of COVID-19 misinformation and subsequent debunking efforts for two COVID-19 myths. COVID-19 misinformation tweets included more non-specific authority references (e.g., “Taiwanese experts”, “a doctor friend”), while debunking tweets included more specific and verifiable authority references (e.g.,
Can WhatsApp benefit from debunked fact-checked stories to reduce misinformation?
Julio C. S. Reis, Philipe Melo, Kiran Garimella and Fabrício Benevenuto
WhatsApp was alleged to have been widely used to spread misinformation and propaganda during the 2018 elections in Brazil and the 2019 elections in India. Due to the private encrypted nature of the messages on WhatsApp, it is hard to track the dissemination of misinformation at scale.