Articles By
Martin J. Riedl
![](https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/whatsapp-gfc1b36da4_1920-736x570.jpg)
Audio misinformation on WhatsApp: A case study from Lebanon
Azza El-Masri, Martin J. Riedl and Samuel Woolley
Since 2019, Lebanon has witnessed sequential crises that have routinely spurred media attention. A great deal of misinformation has proliferated during these events, much of it spreading on WhatsApp. One format is particularly understudied: audio instant messages, otherwise known as voice notes.